Slips, trips, and falls make up the majority of general industry workplace accidents. Second only to motor vehicle incidents, they cause 15 percent of all accidental deaths – about 12,000 per year – and are among the most commonly reported injuries, representing about 25 percent of all annual claims.
With appropriate precautions, however, most of them are completely preventable.
OSHA updated its General Industry Walking-Working Surfaces and Fall Protection Standards in January and estimates that the updates will prevent 29 fatalities and 5,842 lost-workday injuries every year (see Lost Time: How Does It Add Up to learn more about LTIs). This is a significant improvement, but slips and falls will continue to be a risk to workers across every industry.
This article will go over the basics of slip and fall hazards and give you some tips for keeping workers safe and on their feet.
Causes of Slips and Falls
Slips occur when there is not enough friction between the walking surface and the foot, causing a loss of balance. This can happen for any number of reasons, including:
- Wet or oily surfaces
- Occasional spills
- Weather hazards
- Loose, unanchored rugs or mats
- Flooring or other walking surfaces with varying degrees of traction in different areas
The Dangers of Slips
Slips are a large contributor to falls in the workplace and can result in result in back injuries, strains and sprains, contusions, fractures, and even death. Between lost workdays, decreased productivity, and increased healthcare and compensation costs, costs to both the employer and the worker can be substantial.
Perhaps even more concerning is when slips and falls involve tools and equipment. Workers who carry sharp or heavy tools or work around dangerous equipment are at increased risk for serious injury during a slip and fall incident. Falling is bad enough. Falling against a circular saw or while holding a power drill could be a whole lot worse.
Not All Surfaces Are Made Equal
Some materials are more likely to cause slips than others. Highly polished floors, including concrete, marble, and ceramic tile, can be slick even when dry. Freshly waxed floors may look nice, but the wax coating can reduce friction enough to make it hazardous surface.
Workers should also be extra cautious when transitioning from one flooring surface to another. Quickly moving from carpeting to vinyl or grid to smooth concrete might be enough to give an unsuspecting worker a nasty surprise.
When thinking about slips we tend to focus on wet surfaces, mud on boots, or grease spills and don't always consider that dry products or spills can also make walking and working surfaces slippery. Workers should keep an eye out for dry substances on walking surfaces, including:
- Dusts
- Powders
- Granules
- Wood shavings or sawdust
- Plastic wrapping
In addition to slippery materials and surfaces, workers should watch for these slip hazards:
- Sloped walking surfaces
- Loose, unanchored rugs or mats
- Loose floorboards or shifting tiles
- Ramps and gang planks without slip-resistant surfaces
- Metal platforms, road covers, and dockboards
- Loose, irregular surfaces (such as gravel)
- Leaves, pine needles, and other plant debris
How to Mitigate the Risks on Walking-Working Surfaces
While the threat of slips can never be fully eliminated, there are a number of ways you can mitigate risks in the workplace. Here are six steps you can follow to get started.
1. Use Appropriate Footwear
Footwear with proper traction is essential for the workplace. However, there is no single type of footwear that will be anti-slip in every condition, so it's important to assess the working conditions and consult with the shoe manufacturer, if necessary.
Make sure the footwear fits well, as properly fitting footwear increases comfort and prevents fatigue, which, in turn, helps employees remain alert, focused, and safe.
2. Remove Clutter
Good worksite housekeeping can significantly decrease the risk posed by potentially slippery surfaces. Ensure workspaces are free of clutter and that slip and trip risks like extension cords and tools are kept out of the way.
3. Contain Work Processes
Even when the work involves a lot of liquids, oils, dusts, and particles, there are ways to minimize the amount of it that winds up on the walking surfaces.
Exhaust and ventilation systems can help keep particles and sawdust under control, and raised edges on worktables can prevent debris from reaching the floor (for more on how to manage dust in the workplace, see Construction Dust: The Risk to Health and How to Create a Safer Working Environment).
Drip trays can be installed to contain any leaked or spilled oils, lubricants, and even water and condensation.
4. Provide Adequate Lighting
Workers can't recognize and avoid a hazard if it isn't visible.
Workspaces, walkways, and stairs should have adequate lighting to ensure workers are able to clearly identify any slip hazards that may be present. Aisles and paths of travel, in particular, should be kept well lit.
5. Use Slip-Resistant Surfaces Where Necessary
Conduct a hazard assessment and install slip-resistant flooring in high-risk areas. Sloped floors and transition areas should be clearly marked with anti-skid paint or slip-resistant strips (preferably in yellow, to stand out).
6. Highlight Risky Areas with Training
Training is one of the most effective ways to make your employees aware of the slip, trip, and fall risks in their workplace and how to mitigate them. Worker training should include:
- Identifying slip, trip, and fall risks
- Proper use of personal protective equipment, including appropriate footwear
- Workplace standards for good housekeeping
- Positive work habits to reduce risks (immediately cleaning up spills, removing slip hazards once identified, not rushing)
Training should be ongoing and there must be continuous follow-up to ensure the rules are being followed and identify areas for improvement. Keeping employees engaged is key to effective training and fostering a safe work environment.
Safety Wrap-Up
In summary, slips, trips, and falls are an inevitable risk in any workplace. But you can take steps to reduce risks and protect employees.
With traction and training, you can create a safer workplace for everyone.